Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Difference and Similarities

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells distinction and SimilaritiesThe equivalentities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic stallsProkarytotic kioskular phoneular phonesEukaryotic cellsSimilaritiesNucleusThe desoxyribonucleic acid floats at heart the nucleus of this cell. The division of the cell happens via mitosis. The nucleus is k like a shot as a nucleoid which isnt a true nucleus like eukaryotic cell.( tail Wiley and Sons. (2014). How Cells cook Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. plain(prenominal) http//www.dummies.com/how-to/content/how-cells-work-prokaryotes-and-eukaryotes.navId-403029.html. finish accessed 11/11/2014.)(Rene exhaust Kratz Donna Rae Siegfried (2010). biology for dummies. second ed. Canada Wiley publishing Inc. p49-52,p57-61.)The DNA is more complex, the nucleolus situated in the middle of the cell, holds the DNA together and in a plant cell a nuclear envelope does this job.The division of the cell happens via pupillary reflex.RibosomesRespon sible for devising proteins in the cytoplasm, these be smaller than in a eukaryotic cell.They atomic number 18 present and bigger than in a prokaryotic cell.CytoplasmThis is a liquid material that contains the DNA and other trip of the cell that furnish it to function.(John Wiley and Sons. (2014). How Cells Work Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. getable http//www.dummies.com/how-to/content/how-cells-work-prokaryotes-and-eukaryotes.navId-403029.html. finis accessed 11/11/2014)The DNA is contained within the nucleus and the other organelles float in the cytoplasm orthogonal the nucleus.DifferencesChloroplastsOnly found in plant or algae cells which ar eukaryotic.(s-cool y divulgeh marketing ltd. (2014). Introduction to cells. visible(prenominal) http//www.s-cool.co.uk/a-level/biology/cells-and-organelles/revise-it/introduction-to-cells. culture accessed 10/11/2014.)Only found in plant or algae cells, credi iirthy for extracting food from the sun and carbon dioxide.Golgi apparat usThis organelle isnt present as the cell isnt as complex as a eukaryotic cell. This is found within the tissue layer of a eukaryotic cell and a prokaryotic cell doesnt have either membrane bound organelles.Materials be contained via a vesicle by means of the cytosplasm.Mitochondria respiration takes place in the mesosome. adenosine triphosphate isnt take aimd in prokaryotic cells. ATP is subprogramd in active maneuver and prokaryotic cells using up raceive stock.(S-cool offspring marketing ltd. (2014). Introduction to cells. forthcoming http//www.s-cool.co.uk/a-level/biology/cells-and-organelles/revise-it/introduction-to-cells. determination accessed 10/11/2014.)(John Wiley and sons. (2014). Biology Basics Important Components of Eukaryotic Cells. lendable http//www.dummies.com/how-to/content/biology-basics-important-components-of-eukaryotic-.html. Last accessed 10/11/2014.)Respiration takes place here, ATP is produced which provides get-up-and-go for the cells reac tions.(S-cool youth marketing ltd. (2014). Introduction to cells. procurable http//www.s-cool.co.uk/a-level/biology/cells-and-organelles/revise-it/introduction-to-cells. Last accessed 10/11/2014.)Rough and smooth demiseoplasmic reticulumA prokaryotic cell doesnt produce lipids. A subroutine where endocytosis takes place, this only occurs in eukaryotic cells.John Wiley and sons. (2014). Biology Basics Important Components of Eukaryotic Cells. Available http//www.dummies.com/how-to/content/biology-basics-important-components-of-eukaryotic-.html. Last accessed 10/11/2014Smooth endoplasmic adds carbohydrates to proteins and produces lipids and rough is responsible for synthesising the proteins that be undeniable in the cell and the atomic number 18a around the cell. specialized structures that allow a sperm to carry out its roleA sperm cell consists of a signal, middle and tail. The head contains the DNA which is in the nucleus, this contains the 23 chromosomes demand to meet wi th an egg which has the other 23 chromosomes needed to take a leak an embryo. The head likewise contains an acrosome which contains enzymes that allow the sperm to break by means of the egg membrane and penetrate. The middle of the sperm cell is a puss like an engine, the mitochondria creates the energy needed to run low the tail. The tail is thin and uses a whipping motion to travel through bodily blands. (BBC-GCSE Bitesize. (2014). The mentrual cycle and fertilisation. Available http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/ comprehension/triple_edexcel/control_systems/menstrual_cycle_fertilisation/revision/3/. Last accessed 10/11/2014) specialise structures that allow a red parenthood cell to carry out its roleA red blood cells shape, flexibility and size cheer a big part in its role. It is bi-concave which gives a big rebel area to allow quick dispersal of oxygen. Its small size and flexibility servings it to travel unharmed through narrow capillaries and travel easily th rough the body. It doesnt require a nucleus which means it has more live to carry oxygen, allowing it to carry out its role of transporting oxygen throughout the body. A pigment cognise as hemoglobin is responsible for its colour and also allows the cell to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide. (BBC Bitesize. (2014). The circulatory system. Available http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/ scientific discipline/add_ocr_gateway/living_growing/circulatoryrev4.shtml. Last accessed 10/11/2014)(MedicineNet. (2014). Definition of red blood cells. Available http//www.medicinenet.com/script/ chief(prenominal)/art.asp?article primal=5260. Last accessed 10/11/2014.)The importance of the study components of the fluid-mosaic model and of plasm membranesThere are quad major components of the fluid mosaic model that demonstrate the structure of the plasma membrane. These are the phospholipid bilayer, proteins, carbohydrates and cholesterol. The phospholipid bilayer is the main foundation of the plasma membrane and is formed by two layers of phospholipids, the head section of the phospholipid which is cognise as the hydrophilic head, faces towards the wet as it is water loving. The phospholipid tail cognise as a hydrophobic tail as it doesnt like water, faces inwards, which causes the phospholipids to group together in two rows known as a bilayer. The proteins are essential as they allow non-soluble substances to pass in and out of the phospholipid bilayer, they are nestled in between the phospholipid bilayer however are not stationary so they are able to move in the membrane. Carbohydrate and cholesterol are the less important parts of the plasma membranes merely they still play an important role in supporting it. Carbohydrates are formed in a chain which is associate to the outer surface of the membrane, the reason for carbohydrates in the plasma membrane is so that the cell can interact with other cells which is essential for recognising hormones and foreign molecu les. cholesterol is the component which stabilises the membrane, it keeps the fluidity at a good level and loot it from solidifying, this is important in the gentleman body for example, when we get too rimy it will stop us from actually freezing. (Rene grow Kratz Donna Rae Siegfried (2010). Biology for dummies. second ed. Canada Wiley Publishing Inc. p54-Part 1-Biology basics paragraph 4).The importance of active and passive transport mechanismsThe two forms of transport are active and passive transport and they twain have different types of transport within them. Not all molecules require a transport method as they can travel through the plasma membrane easily by themselves as they are small, examples of these are hydrophobic molecules such(prenominal) as oxygen and carbon dioxide. They are harmonious with the hydrophobic white tie and tails of the phospholipid bilayer as they both repel water. Molecules that need help travelling through the plasma membrane are ions and la rger molecules such as hormones, they cant travel through the hydrophobic tails on their own and need help in the form of transport to get from A to B.Smaller molecules can use passive transport to travel through the membrane as passive transport doesnt require energy and as the molecules are only small they go int need the energy to be pushed along. Ions and larger molecules need to use active transport to travel and this form of transport requires energy as the molecules are bigger and need help either by existence given an opening that they can easily fit through or by being carried along.Passive transport needs a fishing tackle permeable membrane for passive transport to take place, simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis. Simple diffusion allows a substance to go from being highly change state to less concentrated, this is important for when oxygen is absorbed into a cell and carbon dioxide is pushed out. Osmosis is used for the diffusion of water across a membr ane, it is kindred to diffusion as it uses the method of moving from a highly concentrated area to a less concentrated area but it uses solutes which ignore in the water to balance the concentration levels on for each one(prenominal)(prenominal) gradient of the cell so that they end up being even. Facilitated diffusion allows unique(predicate) ions or molecules to travel from one place to another via a cut into which is made from proteins, the ions or molecules diffuse through the membrane and the protein gives the molecule a helping hand to travel through the cell.Active transport requires energy to enable the molecule to travel, this type of energy is called ATP. The reason energy is required is because bulkier molecules that need help to travel cant do it totally so they require a vesicle to help them. The two methods within active transport are endocytosis which is when a material wants to enter the cell, the plasma membrane pulls the material inwards in an envelope ty pe straw man and seals off to form a vesicle which then can move into the cell. When a bulkier material needs to leave the cell and this would be for removing screw up from the cell or for the secretion of materials like hormones, it uses the move exocytosis and this is when a membrane forms around the material making a vesicle and this then attaches itself to the cell membrane allowing it to empty its contents. (Rene Fester Kratz Donna Rae Siegfried (2010). Biology for dummies. 2nd ed. Canada Wiley Publishing Inc. p55-56.)Mitosis and pupillary reflexMitosis and Meiosis are both the process in which cells are copied to create modern cells in this way the two processes are very similar as they both involve the replication of a cell but they both carry out completely different roles.Mitosis is the process in which a single cell is replicated to create another uniform cell, this is known as asexual reproduction as the cell has replicated its own DNA. The process is broken down i nto 4 stages, these are prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Prophase is the stage in which the chromosomes are condensed, the nuclear membrane breaks down and mitotic spindles form and attach to the chromosomes. After this phase, the chromosomes are pulled by the mitotic spindles to the middle of the cell, this is called metaphase.Once this has happened the chromosomes that have been replicated separate and go to diametrical sides in two identical halves known as chromatids, this is so that each cell has one copy of each DNA molecule from the fire cell when the process has finished, this phase is known as anaphase and is a key factor as it is important for the DNA to replicated to create a cell that is identical to the original cell. The final stage is telophase and this is when the cell is just or so to be divided to create two new identical cells, known as daughter cells. Nuclear membranes are formed around each set of chromosomes, the chromosomes then spread throughou t the nucleus, the spindles break down and the nucleoli reforms and becomes visible again. Once all four phases are completed the two new cells are ready to separate.Meiosis follows a similar process to mitosis but instead of one division it requires two separate divisions to complete the process and instead of one copy of chromosomes it requires two copies of the chromosomes to be made so that you end up with four cells known as gametes with only half(prenominal) of the chromosomes needed to make a human, these cells are not genetically identical to the produce cell. (Rene Fester Kratz Donna Rae Siegfried (2010). Biology for dummies. 2nd ed. Canada Wiley Publishing Inc. p86. Table 6-1. A comparison of Mitosis Meiosis). Gametes are human reproduction cells and they only require 23 chromosomes, this is because we only need to inherit half the DNA from each parent and it creates variety in our offspring.There are two stages of myosis and each stage follows the same phases as mito sis but for the first stage known as miosis 1, the phases are known for example, prophase 1 and for the second stage, meiosis 2 the phases are known for example as prophase 2. In meiosis 1, the chromosomes are paired up and then separated in two daughter cells, a bit similar to what happens in mitosis but now the stage needs to carry on, this happens in meiosis 2. In meiosis 2 the replicated chromosomes separate into sister chromatids, they break up giving four daughter cells one piece of the chromosome pair, so now at the end of this process we are leftover with 4 daughter cells that have a piece of DNA each. Once the process is completed we are left with four gamete cells which are now ready to interact with another gamete cell, these cells are known as sperm and egg cells and are vital for human reproduction. (Rene Fester Kratz Donna Rae Siegfried (2010). Biology for dummies. 2nd ed. Canada Wiley Publishing Inc. p88-95.)ReferencesBBC-GCSE Bitesize. (2014). The mentrual cycle a nd fertilisation. Available http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/triple_edexcel/control_systems/menstrual_cycle_fertilisation/revision/3/. Last accessed 10/11/2014)BBC Bitesize. (2014). The circulatory system. Available http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_ocr_gateway/living_growing/circulatoryrev4.shtml. Last accessed 10/11/2014)John Wiley and Sons. (2014). How Cells Work Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. Available http//www.dummies.com/how-to/content/how-cells-work-prokaryotes-and-eukaryotes.navId-403029.html. Last accessed 11/11/2014.MedicineNet. (2014). Definition of red blood cells. 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