Ernest Hemingways Indian Camp Analysis

Ernest Hemingways Indian Camp AnalysisThe Indian camp is gener altogethery recognise as mavin of Hemingways best and most interesting short stories. It primarily foc subroutines on the relationship between father and watchword, and on its attendant rites of handstal home into the world of adult experience child birth, loss of white and self-destruction. (Werlock).The boy, mountain pass Adams, accompanies his doctor father to the Indian camp where a pregnant cleaning lady has serious complications as she labors to give birth. Dr. Adams ultimately saves her life and that of the muck up by performing a caesarian section, but, briefly afterwards, the womans husband commits suicide. The business relationship dramatizes what is obviously the young knap Adams first confrontation with profound personal suffering. This bed be reflected in the numerous questions that he poses to his father, do ladies always energize such a hard time having babies? and do many men kill themselves , Daddy? ,the afflictions and torments of life now seem clear to nonch for the first time in his life.A number of specific questions educate from this short story, such as, wherefore does the Indian husband kill himself? What is Uncle Georges role, and why does he disappear by the end of the story? How are we supposititious to feel toward Dr. Adams? although the story is consistently read as a father-son asylum tale, these variant of questions encourage a reader to look beyond the impartial and benevolent fact that Dr. Adams almost surely saved the life of the Indian woman and her baby and decoct attention on some to a greater extent disturbing aspects of the story. (Tyler)The story Indian camp, was crafted with a lot of symbolism and former(a) aspects of literature that are so characteristic of Hemingways, approach and technique of narrating his stories, that is, in a very simple and obvious way but encompassing and rich with hidden meanings. These aspects of the story ar e what this paper will stress to look at and address, with the expectation that they will come as good as possible to what other writers have attempted to imply Hemingway meant when he wrote the short story.The story through various aspects portrays the notion of initiation, young Nick Adams is being initiated into adulthood. From the beginning of the story, nick and his father, got in the stern of the boat and so crossed over from one area to another by use of water. The water herein represents not only a means of propel but also, the cycle of life from birth to death. moreover, when they are heading back, the writer states, The sun was coming up over the hills this too symbolizes a cutting beginning for young nick who through the experience at the Indian camp, returns home ,having passed through another rite of passage. In humanitarian, when they arrive at the Indian camp, the young Indian stopped and blew out his lantern. This literal disturb from lightness to darkness re presents the figurative separation for nick. He no drawn-out is positioned in his comfort zone.The description and the meticulous dots that Hemmingway has narrated in regards to the move around that they take to arrive at the Indian camp. A journey that was patently very considerable and endless. They had to travel across the river and through the forest overcoming all the obstacles and being blinded by nightfall. This journey tends to signify the passage that an case-by-case takes after birth all the way through to adulthood, commonly referred to as the journey of life.The Indian womans screams have been going on for a long time, so long that the men of the village have purposely travel out of earshot but Dr. Adams tells nick that the screams are not important(68) and chooses not to hear them. As a doctor, he adopts this attitude as a professional necessity in order to accomplish the difficult assign of performing the operation without aesthetic. Conversely, it may indicate his callousness to the womans evident pain.Dr. Adams is coolly professional to the point of callousness. His jubilant pride in his work in a flash after the operation becomes particularly pronounced when the writer writes, He was liveliness exalted and talkative as football players are in the change room after a game. In addition when he addresses Uncle George and says, Thats one for the medical journal, George, Doing a Caesarian with a jack-knife and sewing it up with nine-foot, tapering off gut leaders. Ironically this ends, the moment he realizes that his indifference to his patients screams blinded him to the sharp emotional suffering of her husband in the upper bunk, suffering that instanter led to the mans suicide. Readers view of DR. Adams may influence the way they interpret the Indians husbands suicide why does he slit his throat moments after Dr. Adams has operated and the baby is successfully delivered? Do readers see a connection between the presence of Uncle Georg e and the husbands ending to commit suicide? Is Uncle George the father?We also have to look at uncle Georges remarks to Dr. Adams, oh, youre a great man, all right(69), this could have been taken either as a seriously remark, meant to congratulate him for the successive delivery or sardonically intended, in grapheme to the widely speculated thought that the born child could be his son ?The short bust of questions from Nick to his father on the conditional relation of life and death get by him with his final thought he feels kinda sure he would never die (70). Nicks reflections on immortality, here in the protective warmth of his fathers arms, may represent his last moments of youthful innocence before he falls into such adult experiences such as romance and war which are reflected in the latter chapters of in our time.It is also worth noting the fathers cruelty in have his son to participate in a contrasty, exquisite painful operation, which the boy is too young to see. tu mesce before the suicide, the evidently overwhelmed young boy elects to stop watching the operation. Moreover, the fathers reference to his son as an interne indicates his egoistic motivation in compelling his son to witness the messy and painful surgery. He wants to remake his son into his feature imageThere is also the explicit description that Hemmingway gives spell relating to the graphic image of the Indian who commits suicide, His throat had been cut from ear to ear. The blood had flowed down into a pool where his body sagged the bunk. His head rested on his left arm. The open razor lay, edge up, in the blanket(69.), this great detail description is employed to show the effect that the picture had on Nick, since shortly after, he commences a conversation with his dad, whereby he questions his father about suicides. This leads changes the focus to death rather than the birth of a new child. Nick is ball over at the sight of a dead person and through this he learns that indee d life is very easy to cut short. And in addition removes the peaceful image that they had of the world, a harmless and untouched world.The birth of the baby and the subsequent death of the Indian husband is an ironic tragic event. done this happy yet tragic chain of events, the current message of humanitys own mortality is revealed. Life gives way to death and the reverse is also trueMany if not all initiation stories end with a sort of epiphany which usually signals the prime of the maturity edge of the protagonist, in Indian camps, the story does not follow the conventional orthodox pattern of an initiation stories. Nick, Dr. Adams sons does not come to this accepted realization and ending, from his final thought he feels rather sure he would never die (70). He shows that his maturity process still remains incomplete in the initiation. (Campbell)Hemingways oblique and sparse make-up style encourages such open-ended questions, and his ending to the story refuses to settle on a single clear. This can be reflected in his end statements which leave the reader with more questions than answers to think and pounder about.Cited sourcesCampbell, Joseph. The Hero with a super acid Faces. 3, illustrated. New World Library, 2008.Hemingway, importunate. Indian Camp. In the Complete Short Stories of Earnest Hemingway. TheFinca Vigfa Edition. New York Charles Scribners sons, 1987.Tyler, Lisa. Student companion to Ernest Hemingway. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001.Werlock, James P. The Facts on stick companion to the American short story, Volume 2. 2.Infobase Publishing, 2010.

Bidding for Event Management

instruction for causa ManagementBackground/Context westbound Australian footb al sensation game League (WAFL) was first established in 1885 and is based in Perth, western sandwich Australia. WAFL is partnered with the seven network and sponsored by McDonalds. WAFL currently has nine team ups competing in a 24 rounds season which commences in March and concludes in September for each one year. The 2017 grand final leave be played on the twenty-third September at the Domain in Perth. The nonoriety singer proposed to accomplish four of her most popular songs at the 2017 grand final is the RB and pop singer Jessica Mauboy. Jessica Mauboy impart withal attending the pre- import activities including meet and pick out and promotional impressions. Jessica Mauboy is one of Australias most successful female artists that rose to fame later on competing on the television program Australian Idol. Attendance at WAFL has dropped in recent times however the largest crowd was during the 2010 grand final with 24,638 spectators. Jessica Mauboy popularity pull up stakes be utilised to not exclusively promote the WAFL but to gain attending of spectators with a maximum capacity of 43,500. The effect will be televised on the seven network and broadcast by dint ofout western Australia on several radio stations.Executive SummaryThe following narration indicates on how the compositors case WAFL- Western Australian football League, will deliver the celebrity performance. The proceeds of music concert will take patch in the WAFL stadium only, before and along with the matches. Taking place in Perth on 23rd of September 2017, the WAFL will have a huge measurement of spectators. The celebrity will be invited to add an duplication buck of bid along with the increase in the number of spectators.The track draws the attention towards the learning on who that celebrity is breathing out to be, and all the link up tasks those would be include in hiring the celebrity. Along with this, the report includes the instruction on what is it issue to price to hire the celebrity and conduct the whole event, while taking the safe and quality into considerations. The main problems and their solution will also be discussed in the following report, moreover the kick upstairs considerations to the risks involved and their ultimate solutions are also included in the report. Along with this information, the report also reflects the detailed information on other minor and sub- syllabuss those are going to be dependent upon this pouch. The report evaluates every possible aspect related to the event and the event related somebodys or stakeholders.ObjectivesThe objective of the realize is to win the bid for the logistics, event management and coordination for the event at the 2017 WAFL rarified Final. Once achieved, the objective is to prepare a smooth- lockning successful event with Jessica Mauboy performing at the WAFL Grand Final. some other objectiv e is to increase the maximum number of attendance which is within reckons and satisfies all stakeholders needs and expectations.Target OutcomesThe target is to sell at least 85% of capacity which is 36,975 tickets sales. This dismiss be mensural on the impart attendance rate.The target is to meet budgets and success can be measured on the actual expenditure vs. budgeted costs.The goal is to achieve at least one C% satisfaction rate in regards to the entertainment. This goal can be measured through customer surveys and data can be captured from any complaints.How will the success of the childbed be measured?Customer Satisfaction within the budgetDeliver on timeOutput(s)Successful and profitable eventExcellent time management projectning and executing event in such(prenominal) a way that guest enjoy being at the eventProper management of manpower(to be investigated further)Governance who is going to be responsible if the event fail?The WAFC attempted a set down audit of its adm inistration techniques to guarantee that best practice frameworks and procedures were consolidated in basic leadership. directioners roles and dutiesBoard execution and performanceCommittees Terms of Reference representation of Powers and Authority ApprovalsHR/football/Finance Policiesfootball related contracts and rules cross-fileIntegrity issues and proceduresReview of the WAFC ConstitutionKey competition has additionally been surveyed and correct includingWAFL Rules RegulationsWAFL Funding AgreementUpdating integrity requirements into WAFL and other competitionsReporting RequirementsTo be investigatedResourcesTheWestern Australian Football league will be administrated by the not-for-profit connector Western Australian Football deputation. The event output signal company lx will oversee the artists performance in the WAFL Final.Until 2015 the insurance company AAMI was one of the main sponsors of the WAFL and nowa days McDonalds is the current sponsor of the Western Australia n Football league.Supporting the WAFL, McDonalds will sponsor the artists performance.Artists Performance SponsorsLUX event production company will overseeDesign of the event, which includes marketing.Filming and editing period designer.Technical production materials3 big led screens in the scenario (Left side, repair side and behind the artist).Equipment for media server.Operational and obligeling lighting system. buy the farm production.Sound equipment.Microphones.Stage.Backstage (Marquee tent, tables, chairs, sanitary and electrical facilities)BudgetBudget To be investigatedStakeholders colloquy strategyObjective is to have a transparent and open communicating with stakeholders end-to-end the project life cycle.Communication PlanSix months precedent to the event, the event management team will communicate the pattern, objective and treat the event management plan with key stakeholders. Direct feedback will be gather from key stakeholders through emails, phone calls and fa ce to face meetings. If required, the project plan will be adjusted or amended to curb that major(ip)ity of stakeholders are satisfied and the changes will be communicated.Three months antecedent to the event the promotional activities will be established and commence through liaising with the marketing sponsors and advertising will be through radio announcements and competitions, and advertisements on social media such as Facebook and Instagram.One month prior to the event, the project team will communicate with key stakeholders on any further changes and how well the marketing campaign is progressing.One week prior to the event, the project team will communicate with the stakeholders the expected attendance numbers and report on the success of the promotional activities.One week later on the event, the project team will generate the sponsors with a report on the event and communicate to all stakeholders the overall success of the event.StakeholdersProject Management teamJessic a MauboySony Music AustraliaDomain Venue ManagersSpectatorsVolunteersBackstage StaffFootball Players war paint Artist/Hair DresserSound Engineer security departmentSponsorsMedia sevener NetworkKIX Country digital107.3 HFM91.3 SportsFM720 ABC PerthABC Grandstand digitalFox FMKix DigitalHFMAssumptions and Constraints2010 WAFL Grand Final was the largest crowd. The final was in the midst of Swan Districts and Claremont at Domain Stadium.Celebrity PerformanceJessica Mauboy 50K-80KFlightsSydney -Melbourne $439Melbourne-Sydney $439Qantas airline ductile flightsAccommodationLength of stay 6 days (19th September 2017- twenty-fourth September 2017)Rendezvous Hotel Melbourne $760 (5 nights)FoodBudget approx.$1500 (6 days)SecurityMA Security GroupBudget To be investigated.Celebrity BackgroundSecond place in Australian IdolI Am World pilgrimage Beyonce and Chris Brown F.A.M.E tour participation.Ricky Martin mentor in The Voice programme embassador for the IndigenousBoxing clash event interpr eted the Australian anthemArtists performance songsPop a bottle (Fill me up) (Beginning)BurnInescapable (Youngboyz Mix) rivulet back ft Flo Rida (Final)WAFL FINAL ATTENDANCEYearAttendance200922,738201024,638 (largest attendance)201115,459201218,612201320,0082010 WAFL Grand Final was the largest crowd. The final was between Swan Districts and Claremont at Domain Stadium.The total capacity of Domain Stadium is 43500 spectators.The final will be with some(prenominal) or either Swan Districts or ClaremontIt is expected to overweight the largest attendance in 2010.Jessica Mauboy performance in the grand final will be done to achieve 35,000 spectators.McDonalds and Coca-Cola tickets available in different stores will inducing WAFL grand final sales.Taking approach of the singer boom will be possible achieve attendance goal.ConstraintsBudget constraints.Experience and knowledge. overlook of information about past WAFL gran finals.Time for event creation.major(ip) Risks Minimisation Str ategiesRisk RegisterRiskConsequencesLikelihoodTreatments Options/Mitigation PlanPerson responsible for implementationOverwhelmed crowdPersonal blot superiorPermanent volunteers and staff looking after the spectatorsWestern Australian Football CommissionDisturbance inside and outside the stadiumPersonal InjuryLowPre-event, during and post-event police controlWestern Australian Football CommissionCelebrity unable to performFinancial loss and public consecrate loss strong pointPlayback ascribable to sickness, performance of another artist due to cancellation.Event boardSound failure legal injury to record of crinkle community in charge of the soundMediumSound engine driver after and during the event, sound check 2 days after the event, extra sound equipment.Event board electrical failureHarm to reputation of business community in charge of the electricityMediumElectrical engineer after and during the event, Lights and electricity check 2 days after the event, extra electrical equ ipment.Event boardCommunication failureHarm to reputation of business community in charge of the communicationsMediumCommunication staff after and during the event, communication procedures and equipment check 2 days after the event, extra electrical equipment.Event boardExtreme tolerate events.Personal injury and financial lossLowForecast atmospheric condition examination prior event.Event board, Western Australian Football CommissionExplosionPersonal injury and financial lossLow proficient staff able to manage incidents before, during and after the event.Complete evacuation plan approved by the corresponding authoritiesWestern Australian Football CommissionRisk ManagementEvent descriptionWAFL Final attend 23rd September 2017Time 2.30pmVenue Domain Stadium, PerthLocation Perth, Western AustraliaRunning scheduleColts game kicks 8.40amReserves 11.20amPerformance time 2.00 pmFinal league 2.30pmIssues ManagementIssues related to the event are to be identified and manage before and at the time of the event. Some of the major issues that should be managed are as followsIssues related to sponsorsConflicts between staff teamCrowd control and securityBarriers and concert crowd control health and safety issuesMedical and first aidRestriction on baccy and smoking during the eventEmergency managementManagement of alcohol dose related issuesRelated ProjectsThe following section includes the sub projects those are related to this event in any way.The colts and reserve matchesThe grand prix finalsGuidelines/StandardsThe main purpose of guidelines is to identify basic standards and measures for organizing an event to satisfy authorities such as government, police department, emergency service organizations and the stakeholders. Guidelines and standards is necessary to satisfy authorities and provide a consistent state-wide approach to event.Quality ControlThis section of the report will be one of the most important aspect. As this is the only section from where this can b e recognized that how efficient the system is going to be designed. The review on how the things are going on so far, would be collected from different sources at different times throughout the whole project. This will allow the managers and event organizers on where they are meliorate and where they need to put on more efforts. Basically the quality control is the inspection, testing and checking of the product that we are working on, where the prime moto is to check if something is not okay and then to fix the problems.(Jane Bennett)A few of the sources of these reviews can be The spectatorsThe event organizersThe volunteersThe celebrity himselfThe inspection teamsThe mediaOnline reviews (Facebook and other social medias)Capturing the lessons LearntDid we meet the budget?Have we stick to our schedule?Have we had enough time?Actions and decisions taking during the monitoring and controlling stageIs money sufficientDid event run smoothly?Enough MarketingDo we have the right team?Ma nage Human Resources through KPIs (key performance Indicator)Project Activities and MilestonesProject activities and milestones can be divided into 5 phasesPhase 1-Pre event approval and maskingThis phase includes all the activities in planning process that enables an event to be held in a safe and proper manner.Approval from the celebrity , sponsors and applicable stakeholders with signed contractDeveloping a budgetThe budget should be specific, and include revenue opportunity (sponsorship, ticket sales, donations etc.) as well expenses such as printings, permits, insurance, speakers, food supplies and security. Along with this we also need to plan for the upset(prenominal) budget to be on the safer side.Marketing campaignPre-ticket salesprocural of necessary equipmentPhase 2- Load InThis phase includes all the pre event physical activities, delivery and construction of infrastructures and equipment necessary for the event.Setting up a stage, sound systems, lighting systems etc. Arrival of the celebrityPhase 3- EventThis phase includes all the aspects from when the crowd starts queuing outside for entry until the last person leaves.Phase 4- Load OutThis comprises the breakdown of facilities, clean-up , pack up and deflexion of the celebrity.Phase 5- Post event reportingAn event reporting should be carried out with all the relevant stakeholders. Following the event debrief at that place should be an evaluation of the event to determine its overall success in terms of minimizing risks and avoiding harm, accidents and disturbances.

The Conclusion Of The First World War History Essay

The Conclusion Of The premiere World War History EssayAt the conclusion of the start World War, Italy was riddled with chaos. This disorder was caused primarily by the belief that Italy was non adequately paid for aiding the Allies at the conclusion of the war. Italy expected to be rewarded with large expanses of territory from the defeated nations for its services. But it did not. In fact, below the claim of the League of Nations and the various peace treaties, Italy only gained territory from turkey when other nations whom they saw as inferior gained more land and more resources. Mussolini and his quick exploitation resisters capitalised on this and it was during this time Mussolinis fascist views spread through and throughout the field. referable to his military service during the war, Mussolini already had a large amount of domiciliate from military veterans and the lower classes in Italian society. He also had support of the business class for fear of a communist sty le administration that would see their profits lost. This capitalisation was the first of many political advantagees that would supervene Mussolini and his briefly to be fascist brass.The next political success that occurred was Mussolinis curing as Italys attracter. This occurred in the late 1920s when Gabriele DAnnunzio and his supporters were forced out from Fiume. DAnnunzio was labelled as the John the Baptist of Italian Fascism1and Mussolinis style of leadershiphip was rather similar that of DAnnunzio during his occupation of Fiume and his leadership of the Italian Regency of Carnaro2. Aspects of this style were seen throughout Mussolinis time in power and frequently include the balcony address, the Roman salute, the cries of Eia, eia, eia Alala, the dramatic and rhetorical dialogue with the crowd, the use of religious symbols in new-fashioned secular settings3. Once Mussolini succeeded in driving DAnnunzio out of Fiume, many Italian separatists also embraced Mussol ini as their leader as he promoted a strong foreign policy and the annexation of Fiume and Dalmatia. With his sentiment as leader solidified, Mussolini rapidly gained power gained power and progressively converted the authorities into a one-party fascist dictatorship under his leadership. From that time until his death, Mussolinis only interest was in holding on to power.Perhaps, the biggest success for Mussolini and the regimen were the two governings they created to authorisation Italy. The first of these organisations was known as the Blackshirts. The Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale or National Security Volunteer Militia was fleshed in 1923 and was responsible for security of the regime and reported without delay to Mussolini. This solelyowed for complete control everywhere Italy and its subjects4. The second of these organisations was a secret police force created in 1927, called the Organizzazione di Vigilanza Repressione dellAntifascismo, (Organization for Vigilance and Repression of Anti-Fascism) or OVRA. It was led by Arturo Bocchini with the sole purpose of pushover down on all opponents of the the judicature and Mussolini as there had been some(prenominal) assassination attempts on his life since his rise to power5. The OVRA itself was an effective force, however caused fewer deaths of political opponents compared to that of the Schutzstaffel of Nazi Germany and the NKVD of the Soviet Union, the OVRA. This being said, the fascists methods of repression were cruel which included physically forcing opponents of Fascism to swallow castor oil which would cause severe diarrhoea and dehydration, leaving the victim in a painful and physically debilitate solid ground of matter which would sometimes result in death6. This created a nominate of constant fear of the OVRA and the Blackshirts, both of whom used this method of torture. In 1925, set up crime was rapidly rising in the Sicily and southern Italy. To combat this, the o rganization gave special powers to the prefect of Palermo, Cesare Mori. These powers gave him the ability to prosecute the Mafia, forcing many Mafiosi to flee abroad (many to the coupled lands) or risk being jailed7. Mori was fired however, when he began to check out Mafia links within the Fascist regime. He was removed from his position in 1929, and the Fascist regime declared that the threat of the Mafia had been eliminated. Moris actions corrupted the Mafia, but did not destroy them. Between 1929 and 1943, the Italian government only abandoned its aggressive measures against the Mafia, and left them relatively undisturbed.The Fascist government had a major success when it came to study, endorsing many new and stringent education policies in Italy throughout the period aimed at lowering illiteracy which was a growing problem in Italy at the time8. To reduce the turn of drop-outs, the government raised the minimum age of leaving school from 12 to 14 eld of age and due to th e fascist nature of the government, they were able to pu desire enforce attendance at school. This was just the first step in their education plan and in 1922, the governments first minister of education, Giovanni Gentile announced his recommendation that all education policy from this point forward should focus on on indoctrination of students into fascism, and to educate youth to respect and be obedient to place9. Before this could be realised, the government invoked a concurrent plan to summation and recognise intellectual talent throughout Italy when the government established the purple Academy of Italy in 1926 to reward, promote and coordinate Italys intellectual success10. It wasnt until 1929 that education policy took a major step toward that agenda of indoctrination. In that year, the government took control of the authorisation of all textbooks, all school teachers were required to discipline oaths of loyalty to fascism and children began to be instructed that they o wed the same loyalty to fascism as they did to God11. It wherefore increased in the control set by the government with all university teachers were required to be members of the National Fascist Party in 193312, and in the 1930s and 1940s Italys education system was refocused onto the history of Italy displaying Italy as a force of civilization during the Roman era, displaying the rebirth of Italian nationalism and the defend for Italian independence13. Also in the late 1930s, the fascist government copied Nazi Germanys education system realiseing the physical fitness students, and begun demanding that Italians become physically healthy14.The major success in social policy for the government was the establishment of the Opera Nazionale Dopolavoro (OND) or National After-work Program in 1925 and soon became the states largest recreational organisation for adults. The Dopolavoro as it was known, had no trouble attracting members15, but tally to historian Tobias Asbe, while the act ivities sponsored by the OND were popular with the working class, these activities did not enlistment workers into ideologically convinced supporters of the Fascist regime was so popular that, by the 1930s, all towns in Italy had a Dopolavoro clubhouse and the Dopolavoro was responsible for establishing and maintaining 11,000 sports grounds, over 6,400 libraries, 800 celluloid houses, 1,200 theatres, and over 2,000 orchestras16. When Achille Starace took over as director of the OND in the archean 1930s, t became primarily recreational concentrating on sports and other outings and by 1936 the OND had approximately 80% of salaried workers as members17. The OND had the largest membership of any of the mass Fascist organizations in Italy and due to its huge success in Italy, it was the key factor in Nazi Germany creating its own version, the Kraft durch Freude (KdF) or Strength through blessedness weapons platform, which was even more successful than the Dopolavoro18.Once in power , Mussolini attempted to misrepresent the terra firmas frugality to work within his fascist ideology. This was his major failure. He straightaway began investing in and taking over industrial interests from within the leaders of Italian capitalism. there are two views amongst both historians and economist with regard to Mussolinis sparing management, David Baker who discusses this in The New Political Economy There is a messy tangle between economic theory and economic practice which leads to two opposing views either Mussolini had an economic plan, or that he did not, but instead reacted to changes without forward planning19. Mussolinis first failure was though he did have an economic agenda which was both short and capacious term in nature, he attempted to completely change the economy in one phase. The government had two major tasks, one, to modernise the economy, and two, to alter the countrys dire lack of resources. To attempt these tasks, the government stimulated dev elopment through creating a modern capitalistic sector in the service of the state, step in directly as adopted to create collaboration between the industrialists, the workers, and the state20. This was achieved by removing class and implementing corporations and in the short-term the government worked to reform the widely-abused measure system, dispose of inefficient state-owned industry, cut government costs, and introduce tariffs to protect the new industries21.The governments second failure was that it started to sell off legislative monopolies. The first of these was the 19 April 1923 law which transferred life insurance policy from a state take up company to private enterprise. This effectively cancelled the 1912 law which had created a State Institute for insurances and which had envisioned to give a state monopoly ten years later22. By doing this the government lost one sector of income it rely on and with a rapidly growing pretentiousness Up until 1925 the country enjo yed modest growth but structural weaknesses increasing rate of inflation the value of currency slowly dropped. Then in 1925 the Italian state abandoned its monopoly on telephones infrastructure, while the state production of matches was handed over to a private consortium of matches producers23. This led to increase in meditation against the strength of the lira. This then caused the government to intervene and De Stefani, the finance minister was sacked, his program side-tracked, and the Fascist government became more involved in the economy in step with the increased security of their power24.The owing(p) depression of the early 1930s was the third major economic failure to beset the Italian government. As companies came close to failure, the policy of the government was for banks to debase out the companies. This was more often than not an illusionary bail-out as the funds used to pay for the purchases were largely unsubstantial and this led a financial crisis which peaked i n 1932 and led to the need for major government intervention25. After the bankruptcy of the Austrian Kredit Anstalt in May 1931, Italian banks followed, with the bankruptcy of the Banco di Milano, the Credito Italiano and the Banca Commerciale26. In response to this, the state created third financial management institutions funded by the Italian treasury which were designed to buy back all the debt make by the failed banks. This aid was in the form of $5.5 billion and was to be paid back within ten years.throughout the period of 1923 and 1939, there were a number of decisions that Benito Mussolini and his fascist government of Italy made that led to both successful and unsuccessful ventures. They were successful with implementing a number of new political policies through taking advantage of the circumstances and lot Mussolinis position in as leader and creating new powerful policing agencies that answered directly to them and through exerting fear into the populous. Once their po sition was solidifies they then commencing working on the education standards of Italy and through the fascist influence increased the literacy rate of the country and also the support of their movement by the students and teachers of the school. The government also construct support up through their introduction of the OND, a social organisation that grew to include over 80% of salary workers. Though this being said, their major failure was their inability to manage funds appropriately. The economy of the country wasnt great when they came to power, and they then attempted to achieve too much too cursorily and send the economy into a downward spiral once they sell off their monopolies and then failed to act appropriately when the great depression shine the country. All in all, there were a number of both successes and failures that the Italian fascist government had during the inter war years of 1923 to 1939.

Consumer interaction in contemporary advertising design

Consumer interaction in contemporary announce jut buncoThis paper offers an insight into the role of the consumer in mod publicizing. It charts the role of ad in society from the earliest known origins in Ancient Egypt to the imaginative revolution during the 1960s right up to modern sidereal day viral feeds.A contrive of topics argon discussed from why companies lose power oer their reproachs to how the respective(prenominal) changed modern publicise. It considers the ways in which, happy scrapes have utilize the consumer in their campaigns and goes on to deliberate ethical boundaries in the business of publicizing.embrace a range of authors and correspondents views on the subjects it awards the conduct for businesses to consider and act upon consumers entrusts and suggestions in modern society. Further more(prenominal) it disc tout ensemble overs the necessity to ensure that the consumers views ar employ as inspiration throughout the wareive activity and development stages of advertizement trope in sight to guarantee its goals are met.The paper concludes that particularly now, in an deliverance where there is very little venture capital, markings should embrace consumer-generated content and apply it in a path that allow for aid maturation and development. It references manufacture experts and their views on the subject and establishes a means by which businesses of all surfaces shadower deduct from consumer interaction in advertising design.INTRODUCTION announce design refers to the creation and development of visuals to be physical exercise in the advertising mathematical operation. It is apply attract audiences by pushing fanciful boundaries and appealing to their emotional senses in browse to treat.Advertising and advertising design have come a long way since their beginnings and that is no more apparent than in upstart cadences mastermindh introductions of impudently media but how exactly has advertisin g changed in new-fangled times? Why was it necessary? What effect have relatively new introductions a lot(prenominal) as the Internet had on advertising and to what level is the consumer heterogeneous when considering advertising campaigns? Pivotally, are advertising agencies still fit to engage with consumers and let their interest?This paper depart discuss the many viewpoints concerning the need for consumer interaction within advertising design, what happens when it is ignored and offer case studies as to how it sewer be use effectively.Despite much literature on the proposition issues still exist with the implementation of consumers through all stages of advertising design. It is hoped that this paper, patronage limitations of time constraints and access to large samples of primary inquiry, will assist as a guide to designers and the use of consumers within the sector.CHAPTERSA Brief tarradiddle of Advertising DesignThe creation of advertising crowd out be traced g ame as far as the antique Egyptians who apply papyrus to stumble sale put acrosss and promotional posters. There are surviving signs from ancient Babylonia and ancient China during the Western Zhou Dynasty (1050 771 BC) advertising the sale of wine at trade fairs. Other examples have been discovered in the ruins of Pompeii, promoting a range of activities from political campaigns and theatre performances to sporting events and drinking establishments. Papyrus was also used in both ancient Greece and ancient Rome to advertise articles that had been doomed and open. During the middle ages, where it was uncommon that the population in smokestack would be qualified to read, vendors would use symbolism to promote their trade. For instance a cobbler whitethorn have used a watch of a boot or a blacksmith a horseshoe to advise guests of their location. (Landa, 2004)The year 1450, and trained Goldsmith, Johannes Gutenberg invents a belief press, the first of its loving to utilize movable, metal type. Its release in Germany and popular rise throughout Europe allowed the widespread distribution of cultivation to the public. It is this that can be accredited as the beginning of mass media (Kreis, 2004)As a discrete form, however, advertising is generally agreed to have begun in the seventeenth century with classifieds and mental strain-ads appearing in weekly English newspapers. (Wilson, 2009) simple-minded description, accompanied with a price indication, generally for guards and newspaper, which cod to advances in the printing press were becoming more affordable, served their purpose until false advertising became a prevalent issue, from which regulation of content was introduced.1836 and French newspaper, La Presse, became the first media of its kind to introduce paid advertizement space. Due to this successful impression, the paper was able to lower its retail price, resulting in wider readership and an annex in revenue. Four old age later, in Bo ston, MA, Volney Palmer established what was to become known as a precursor to advertisement agencies. Around the same time French news agency, Havas, drawn-out its services to incorporate advertisement brokerage. These forerunners to advertising agencies worked as brokers, exchange advertisement space in newspapers. It wasnt until 1869 and N. W. Ayer Son of Philadelphia became the first full-service agency, which could be likened to those of today, in that they mistaken responsibility for advertising content. (Landa, 2004)It was towards the end of the nineteenth century, with an emergence of more full-service advertising agencies, that the business of advertising became an institution in its own right. (Wilson, 2009) It had its own creative values and working models, as hearty as being considered as ace of the few real career opportunities for women at the time. This was cod to the event that it was women who were responsible for the majority purchasing within the house cave in. The advertising agencies soon established the invaluable in localize of womens insight through the creative process. In fact it was Helen Lansdowne Resors foresight that moed Woodburys soaps attention away from sole promotion of its aesculapian properties to line itself with the consumer. Her tagline A skin you love to touch, implied a romantic rely and is credited as the first utilization of sex in advertising. (Reichert and Lambiase, 2003, p. 44)Advertising agencies became the response to an ever growing and often crowded grocery storeplace. Manufacturers and sales bulk supportd that promotion was vital to the success and longevity of a product. The agencies began to sell themselves as experts in constructing goods to consumer communication, which if employed, would leave the businesses to concentrate on the manufacture and festering of their goods.The Great War motto a number of advances in advertisement to the mass market with the arrival of propaganda ads on a ll sides. It was the British government, who were at the forefront of the propaganda battle, exploitation advertisement to persuade civilians to fight as head as an attempt to lure America to join them. It is written in Mein Kampf that Germany lost the war because they lost the battle of propaganda. (Kick, 2001) The most(prenominal) important chance on the First area War had on advertising was the mechanization of industry and the resulting profit in expenditure that gave birth to a new concept the desire to score need within consumer. It is this nonion that has been the dominating soldiers in advertising since the 1920s.Into the 1920s and the first radio stations were established by manufacturers in smart set to sell more radios to a great number of people. Soon many not-for-profit organisations also began setting up stations, such(prenominal) as schools and civic groups. The practise of sponsoring a program became popularised which usually meant the arouse of the singl e sponsoring business as an introduction to the show. However, it was soon realised that an increase in the number of advertising spots available would upset water an increase in revenue. Station owners began selling time allocated slots to multiple businesses rather than selling the rights to up plump foring programs.This practise was proving very effective until 1929 when the Wall St. Crash hit, which put an end to widespread affluence. This was followed by the Great Depression and the Second World War, which meant that it was not until the 1950s that customers had enough disposable income to respond to the marketers creation of need concept, which had been established through the twenties.Post War affluence had prevailed, as did a wealth of goods for which a feeling of need for the consumer had to be created. Perhaps the most predominant product to be seen as a necessity was the television. No home could be without one and of course, where the televisions went, the advertisers soon followed. It should be noted that due to Britains government control over broadcasting, they were a decade or so behind the US in allowing commercial TV stations to air. To this day the UK and Europe still have tighter control over the amount of column sway that advertisers possess over a programme. This is partly due to degeneration within the US model that modifyd sponsors to interfere with the storylines of quiz shows in order to make their goods more appealing. (Stafford and Faber, 2005)1960s America and Doyle Dane Bernbach introduced what is said to be one of the finest advertising styles in modern times. So much so that its creation sparked a period known in the states as the Creative Revolution. fixed in a sea of hard sell, the agency used wit in summation to a certain amount of self-ridicule in order to advertise the now iconic, Volkswagen Beetle. The taglines Live Below Your Means and Think teentsy created the appearance of a company that was willing to make a punning to the highest degree itself and its product. The car and its advertising was adored by the children of the revolution who saw it as a rejection of their previous generations materialism. (Consumer Guide Automotive, 2007) This form of societal advertising paved the way for near of the most creative and long-standing advertising models, which are still in use to this day.Continuing with the American timeline, the late mid-eighties saw the introduction of business line TV, and significantly, the introduction the unison video with MTV. MTV modify many advertisers mindsets and paved the way for a new model where by the consumer actively watches because of the message, rather than it being a by-product of the program. (Williams, 2003) As cable TV and more commonly in the UK, satellite TV, became more widespread transmit emerged which, devoted themselves entirely to advertising product, such as obtain channels.Moving into more modern times and the Internet has created a t errific medium for advertisers to operate solely on advertising revenue. At the turn of the century, many online businesses, including giants Google, began using un-obtrusive, and contextually relevant advertisements to aid the drug user. Importantly this is a major factor in the increasing trend of interactive merchandise. (Kuntz, 2008)Now, well into the 21st Century and a some recent innovation for the advertising world is guerrilla marketing, which is an unconventional means of advertising aimed at gaining utmost results from minimal resources. The phrase, coined by Jay Conrad Levinson, relies on the use of unexpected and unconventional campaigns in order to create a buzz, in turn becoming viral. freedom fighter marketing whitethorn involve PR stunts, product giveaways, poster campaigns, as well as creative use of modern technology, in loyalty anything required to get maximum results from minimum resources. (Drake and Wells, 2008)Analysis of instigatorIs a snitch a product, a service or company? Is it a logo, a marketing dodging or an attitude?(Mono Design, 2005, p. 8)The origins of the term brand and its modern definitions can be viewed as somewhat elusive due to its generalised use.The term itself derives from the practise of permanently stamping or marking something down the stairs a somebodys ownership. For example, a herdsmans would brand his cattle with a hot press out to pre displace them as his possession. It was also, as Jane Pavitt writes (2000, p. 21) a means of signalling disgrace. Up until modern times criminals would be marked using hot iron or tattoo as a sign of infamy. This can be traced as the origin of the term branded a liar. swording can whence be principally known as the process of attaching a phone and a reputation to something or someone. (Pavitt, 2000)The primary and most recognisable feature of a brand is a name or logo, which is used to declare its origin. It is this name or logo an idiosyncratic or business will us e to indentify and distinguish themselves from competitors.It is widespread belief that brand is far more than a name or trademark however. It is the representative image for a product within its market. A brand owner moldiness create a desire that attachs the associations and attributes of the product from their own view, or desired individuality, to that of the consumer. (Wheeler, 2009) This is referred to as brand image. It is this image of special or unique attributes that make the brand a primary advertising element due to its ability to demonstrate what an individual or organization can offer in the marketplace. The process of attaching values to a product or service, either physically or by suggestion, is called branding.Branding is also defined as the method used to build consumer awareness and extend customer loyalty. It requires owners to seize every thinkable fortune to communicate why an individual should choose their brand over a competitors. (Pavitt, 2000)A brand i s a persons gut feeling rough a product, service or company.(Neumeiner, 2006)Due to the multitude of plectron created by competitors, those looking for a market foothold must(prenominal) aim to connect emotionally with consumers and become, in their eyes, irreplaceable and in doing so create long-term relationships to ensure brand longevity and staying power. People trust strong brands and regard them to have superior status. How a market perceives the brand will expunge its success.In Designing Brand Identity (2009, p. 2) Wheeler references David Haigh, CEO of Brand Finance statement that, Brands have three primary functions. These are to fly the customer in selecting one product or service from a wealth of weft.To reassure and comfort the customer, through communication of quality, that they have do the take up selection and to engage, using distinctive imagery and the previously discussed associations, to enable customers to identify with a given brand.And to have the b rand work to enable identification, which is referred to as brand identity. The final point here is of significance as brand identity is a tangible proposition. The identity aims to stimulate recognition, to balloon differentiation and to create accessibility for the consumer.Brand identity takes disparate elements and unifies them into whole systems.(Wheeler, 2009)The ability to create and maintain a strong brand is referred to as brand management. It is brand management, which is of vital importance when considering consumer reaction and affect on marketing the brand.merchandising the BrandWhen considering marketing their brand, whether for a start-up, a non-profit or a product, the owner must first consider a strategy.The best strategy is develop as a creative partnership mingled with the client, the strategist, and the designer.(Wheeler, 2009, p. 12)A brand strategy will provide the owner with a dominant and unifying plan nigh which, all actions, communications and behaviour s are centralised. The best strategies are so straightforward that they are easily communicated to all levels of employees and consumers but are also so differentiated and powerful that they stand supra the contention.The strategy is built on a vision that aligns itself with the owners strategies and develops from their subtlety and values. At the forefront of the strategy is the ability to ensure a sibylline understanding of the consumers needs and perceptions. Brand strategy aims to define position and a competitive advantage as well as creating differentiation and a unique prospect for the consumer.An individual rarely develops the brand strategy. Generally a team of people, which may include the CEO as well as heads of advertising, public relations and sales departments combine to head its creation. Global firms will by and large hire in strategists with outside experience who can creatively aid a firm in articulating what is already there. Brand strategy is critical to a busi ness success and longevity.Companies frequently drop dead and prosper because they have a clear brand strategy. Companies falter because they do not have one.(Wheeler, 2009, p. 13)Following on from the strategy and in its carry is a positioning strategy that both exists and in doing so evolves to create openings in a saturated market, which the brand can exploit. It does this by fetching advantage where it can of technology, changes in demographic and importantly, consumer trends. It aims to find a paste in the market in order to appeal to the public in an alternative, immaterial and alternative manner.Positioning, as a branding concept was developed by Al Ries and Jack Trout in 1981. (Harris, 1998, p. 27) They defined it as the erectations on which a company should build their brands, strategize planning and extend relationships with their customers. Positioning takes into cast the four principal dimensions, which affect sales, product, place, price and promotion. Ries and T rout believed that for successful brand strategy that the owner must cement their position in the consumers mind. This, they believed, should be do by considering the consumers needs, assessing the strengths and weaknesses of their own business and understanding the competitive landscape. Ries and Trouts beliefs continue as a guiding staple pin throughout marketing, branding and advertising.To further grasp the importance of brand and its position within marketing it is fitted to consider a case in context, that of Levis.The past ten age have seen a steady movement away in customer purchasing from established denim-wear brands such as Levis and Wrangler to a severalize base of manufacturers. Designer labels and smaller independent, street-wear manufacturers have been acquiring a bigger market share despite the fact the in many cases these manufacturers are not primarily focused on designing jean lines, perceive them rather as an accompanying product to clothing lines, which ar e of great focus. It is felt that consumers are drawn in by the individuality and tone of small-run lines, as well as the perception of celebrity through associations with their parent-label. (Mono Design, 2005, p. 74)Levis tackled this free in consumer behaviour in a positive manner by opting to reinvigorate and open their own product lines, creating designs that did not vertical chew over emerging trend but actually drove them. Levi enlisted the expertise of London-based design agency, Kitchen who began working with Levi Strauss across the continent to aid in the reinvention and repositioning of the Levis brand image. They did this by consulting the customer at stores and consumers in third party research to gain a better understanding of their mind-set when purchasing a pair of jeans. Kitchen discovered a need for Levi to fully immerse themselves in culture and the environment around them. (Mono Design, 2005)Although predominantly consumer based, the rebranding exercise aim ed to stretch further, by raising the profile of the repositioned image in the press and by doing so educating retailers about the visual direction and expectations of the brand.Directly due to consumer input, the forefront of the campaign was presented as a limited collection of books that do use of unexpected materials and experimented boldly with a number of conceptual formats. The idea behind the individual designs of the books was that each theme would be representative and reflective of the product it was promoting. For example, the book released alongside the premium product line featured a quality, brocaded leather cover, where as the press book for the vintage clothing line featured earthy colours and an individually distressed cover.Although distribution of the regenerate brand image was overseen by the Brussels based, head office, the true presentation and grasp of the identity occurred in the outlet stores, which are somewhat alter in style themselves. Retailers were given the power to dress their stores in a manner that they felt was appropriate to the product lines they stocked and the environment around them. The books and promotional material encouraged creativity and inspiration due to the individual and experimental surrounding concepts. Consistency of the message was achieved, which maintained a modern, renew and innovative approach to marketing the brand. (Mono Design, 2005, p. 82)How Companies Started to Lose Power Over Their Brands The aim For PersonalityEarly 2005 and apple was set to release its latest addition to the iPod family, the Shuffle. Shaped like a stick of gum, it was set to become the smallest music histrion created. The iPod has been market leader since 2000 and broke ground with its innovative bowl wheel interface. However, apple had once again set themselves up to check over convention with the Shuffle by completely redesigning the interface and removing the screen. It was clear from earliest test reviews that if customers were to ever be attracted by an iPod without a screen that the marketing behind it must be something special. The feature, which caused real stir about the shuffle, was its size and the fact that it was probably going to appear too small for some users. (Bhargava, 2008) Apple therefore took it upon themselves to add a note of advice to UK consumers within the products disavowal manual, Do Not Chew iPod.These four words soon caused mass, viral debate through blog postings and online reviews. Was this a light-hearted pun or a true disclaimer to protect the company?In truth, Apple had used an untouched part of the marketing language in a fresh and unexpected manner that created a huge amount of buzz. It was a appointee tagline that demonstrated the constitution of the product as well as Apple themselves.This is merely one of the many facets that has helped the iPod become CoolBrands fourth place in their 2009/10 respected, marketing league table, with Apple one place a bove and their revolutionary iPhone in the top spot. (CoolBrands, 2009/10)Personality is the unique, authentic and talkable soul of your brand that people can get passionate about.(Bhargava, 2008, p. 6)It does seem, however, that until recent times Apple were one of the few companies that would commend and promote such a display of personality through an untouched medium, such as a disclaimer at the bottom of the instruction manual.There was a day when consumers choice was limited, when there werent hundreds of television channels, tens of thousands of magazine publications and primarily the Internet as a base to gain expressation. Since there were fewer choices, it wasnt necessary for companies to provide so many choices. However, those times have now passed and consumers are far savvier, demanding options in both product and brand. Consumers also have more choice when decision making to buy from large, industrial producers or the trend to buy from small, local producers.They cus tomers realize that paying less for something made by a giant, faceless kitty is often less rewarding than paying more for something made by a small company.(Calagoine, 2005)Consumers have the power to decide what to buy, where they buy it, how much they should pay for it and whether or not to believe the marketing messages behind it. Consumers hold supreme power over business and their products because they possess the ability and desire to voice their opinions with others through a multitude of devices. An example of the users new found power can be found in the ability to dodge pop-up ads while browsing online, thus selecting which marketing messages to receive.In todays era of favorable media, full of portable, personal and individualized mediums, with accessibility a key player in promotion, companies and their brands are becoming shaped not only by an individuals perception but equally their communications.Historically, advertisers have thought of themselves as top-down com municators, in control of what information is released, to whom and when, as well as the channels of communication themselves.(Spurgeon, 2007)It is clear that appearing faceless and unapproachable doesnt work in modern times. Consumers must now be considered as primary creative contributors through the development, communication and marketing processes. Companies have come to realise that personality and character are key elements behind the brand and its image.Marketing is not about selling.(Kotler, 2000)Both sales and marketing use similar approaches. When considering a sales campaign, the focus is product based. However, a market-driven business focuses on the consumer. Marketing aims to penetrate the psyches of consumer and this is what companies like Apple have utilised in order to create an almost character like representation.The previous example of their pun-disclaimer was just a tit-bit in a wealth of marketing, but it is encompassed by an identity that consumers already as sociated with the Apple brand. The disclaimer was confident, bold, and different, just like Apple.Brand owners must now concentrate on being responsible not just for releasing fantastic product, but creating passion and enthusiasm for their customers to buy into. They must tell a story which consumers understand and appreciate and most importantly, pass on to others.How The Individual Changed Advertising The Viral BoomBefore the Internet, businesses had devil real choices to attract attention. They could buy up expensive advertising placements or get third-party commendations through the media. The clear has changed all that. (Odih, 2007)Prior to the Web, traditional, directionless advertising through television, radio and newspapers ware the only established methods to create publicity. However, this made individualised and personal advertising messages rather difficult, which, as mentioned above aid in the creation of a personal and accessible brand. It should be declared here that mass advertising still exists in a successful and appropriate manner today, for example Carling advertising their Lager during half time of a football game through television. This is because, although a stereotype, men watch football on the television will often do so while drinking lager, it therefore makes sense that as a product that sets itself up to appeal to a mass market, Carling should advertise to the mass, male market of football enthusiasts they wish to attract.When considering the millions of other businesses, independent retailers, not-for-profits and entrepreneurs, traditional advertising is so broad and impersonal that it is largely ineffective. (OShaughnessy, p. 490) For these subjects however, the web has created a fantastic opportunity to promote themselves to the individual with target messages that cost a fraction of the traditional, mass-market approach.It may be argued that traditional advertisers employ what David Meerman Scott refers to as one-way inte rruption. (2007, p. 7) Meerman paints a picture of an advertising agencys creative team sitting in an office and thaumaturgy up ways to interrupt an audience so they become concentrate in a one-way message. Continuing from this example, in the middle of a television show, it would be the creative teams job to craft an advertisement that would gain the viewers attention, when they would prefer to be doing something else, for instance, watching the intended show. This example and in fact all examples of traditional advertising, rely on holting an individual in what they are doing so that they will pay attention and soak-in a message. This, it is argued, is where the web differs.The web and online advertising has the ability to, instead of interrupting an individual, actually deliver utile content exactly when the consumer requires it. Furthermore, for the first time, consumers not only decided when they deprivation to receive advertisements, but they also possess the ability to ena ble growth and longevity of an advertisement and therefore the product or service it would be promoting. This, it is claimed, is due to the development of viral marketing.Viral marketing is now an free-and-easy term, which suggests passing something on, it is word of mouth marketing. (Kotler et al. 2008, p. 856) Its aim, from the view of the advertiser, is to create something that grows as it is passed from person to person and is often utilized in a similar manner to snowball sampling. From an audiences viewpoint, viral marketing empowers them by giving them a choice whether to buy into something and in turn help it grow or instead click off and choose to ignore it.The huge rise in video-sharing websites such as YouTube and Veoh spawned a new level of accessibility for marketers, which was stumbled upon somewhat by chance.Early 2006 and home-made videos of bottles of Diet Coke exploding when mixed with Mentos mints began to appear on the Web. Neither Coca Cola nor the Mentos bran d owners could control either the use of their product or the distribution of the destructive nature of the images. Replication of the experiments using the two brands was ripe and with the means to share these experiments through the web, the videos snowballed. Thousands of videos were uploaded tallying up millions of views. The finest examples were speedily powered through viral-dissemination and soon topped most-watched lists on video-sharing sites. Mentos was said to be the happier of the two brands about this popular display of its brand and new found association with youth-culture. Christina Spurgeon (2007, p. 3) quotes Vranica and Terhune (2006) and states that the media exposure was worth an estimated $10 million USD, approximately more than half their yearly advertising budget. They also took immediate steps to expand on this undeveloped market and newfound publicity by partnering with YouTube to host a contest for the finest Coke-Mentos video. Coca-Cola too explored the consumer-generated promotion by creating an unrelated competition in order to further build the Coke brand. (Spurgeon, 2007)It was sporadic revelations such as the success of the Coke-Mentos videos that set in marketers minds the power and influence of the user in the management, interaction and productivity of media.Utilising the Consumer in Viral CampaignsOne of the finest examples of viral marketing and its manipulation is that of MSN.com and its free email service, Hotmail. (Sweeney, 2006, p. 54) Since its creation, every email sent using a Hotmail account has contained a tagline informing the recipient about the service. It currently reads Join the worlds largest e-mail service with MSN Hotmail http//www.hotmai.com.This unobtrusive message enabled Hotmail to inform hundreds of thousands of potential users to the service they offer. As many great advertising campaigns do, the message went deeper. Hotmail itself does not actually retail products, however, the technique was used t o create mass exposure for the Microsoft Network site. This is because users would generally log onto their Hotmail account through a link on the Microsoft Networks site, in turn creating exposure for MSN.com and their ot

The Impact Of The Typewriter History Essay

The Impact Of The Type compiler fib EssayThe quality salver was one of the vastest turning points in history. Writing, a previously laborious task, was made immensely easier. The typewriter benefited countless business enterprisemen, researchers, and professionals who were all obliged to bear up nether the drudgery of the pen.1It brought public toilet and productivity to people ein truthwhere. Even to a greater extent important, however, was its blow on businesses and order. Companies were grew and expanded in unparalleled ways because of this impertinentfound go in penning. Because of the speed of writing the Sholes-Glidden typewriter brought to the t fitting, the typewriter became the driving force in to the highest degree e genuinely comp both(prenominal)(prenominal)s growth. The Sholes-Glidden typewriter, however, was non the prototypical typewriter to be made, nor was it the outset to be immediate than hand-writing-it was simply the first commercially successf ul typewriter. In range to proffer the roots of the typewriter, one must go back several centuries to a time immense before keyboards.Writing had been a long, tedious swear out since its creation. Words and symbols had to be meticulously copied by hand, stroke-for-stroke, word-for-word, again and again in order to make a single copy or write down a single record. In fact, the writing process was so arduous t eyelid there were people-scribes-whose lives were dedicated fair(a) to writing and copying. They were honored and renowned, too, just because of how tough writing was. notwithstanding the difficulty, however, writing was an integral part of serviceman progression. By the 1400s, people had already gotten tired of books difficulty and looked for reinvigorated ways to reduce this labor. The result was the imprint press, the first disciplineion that revolutionized the universe of writing.2 pursuit this success, humans began seeking for even more ways to repair writing and make it easier. The next major revolution in writing came in the mid-1600s in the form of William Pettys writing railroad car. In the political implements glaring, Charles I exposit it as a machine thatmight be learnt in an hours time, and of great profit to lawyers, scriveners,merchants, scholars, registars, clerks, etcetera it saving the labour of examination,discovering or preventing falsification, and performing the business of writing-aswith ease and speed-so with privacy.3In essence, Pettys invention was really just a machine that wrote with two pens at once. However, Charles Is description could also be applied to the typewriter perfectly. In 1714, just about sixty years posterior, Henry Mill created the next far-famed typewriter. In the patent granted to him by the Queen, Mills typewriter was described asan artificial machine or method for impressing or transcribing of earn, singly or progressively one afterwards the other, as in writing, whereby all writing s whatsoever whitethorn be engrossed on paper or parchment so neat and exact as not to be distinguished from printthe impression being deeper and more lasting than any other writing4Un give care Pettys two-pen writing machine, Mills machine was over a good deal more similar to the 20th century typewriter. In just sixty years since the first not fitting typewriter, tremendous progress had already been achieved on the journey to creating writings close to revolutionizing invention.Invented in 1829, William Austin Burts compositor became the first American writing machine.5A person would type on Burts Typographer by spinning a spacious wheel with many characters on it until his/her desired character was in front of the typewriting point. Next, a hammer would bring the type to the surface of the paper, creating a character on the paper. This, however, was a very slow process-even slower than hand-writing. It was also very prone to spell errors, as proved in a letter he wrote to his wife.6Despite its flaws, many people saw potential in the machine. One much(prenominal) person was John Sheldon, the editor of the Michigan Gazette. He was so strike with the typewriter, in fact, that he even went so far as to write to Andrew Jackson, the president at the time. However, Sheldon was not able to come up with plenty funds to manufacture the Typographer, and the typographer was brought to a premature end. Much similar Charles I and the Queens descriptions of previous typewriters, Sheldons letter was meant to predict the impact of Burts Typographer, only instead managed to better predict the eventual outcome of the typewriter. In his letter, Sheldon wrote that the writing machine will be ranked with the most novel, useful, and pleasing inventions of this age.7Following Burt, many inventors tried to create their own typing machines- simply none of them were about as progressive as Burts.8These later typewriters were not really able to impact the world or garner as much maintenance as Burts, and, as a result, their inventors names and faces became lost in the depths of history.In 1831, the next notable typewriter emerged, born into a time of great impinge within America herself. Originally built as a spare-time activity by John Pratt, the Pterotype would eventually become the inspiration for the first commercially successful typewriter.9Because taking out a patent was very unverbalized during the Civil War, Pratt decided to finish his machine in London, where he was able to obtain a British patent in 1864. His Pterotype aroused much interest and speculation in many English citizens.10In fact, the machine was so profound that when Pratt returned to America at the end of the Civil War, he found an editorial, Type Writing Machine, written in Scientific American that described his machine asA machine by which it is fancied that a man may print his thoughts twice as dissipated as he can write them, and with the advantage of the legibility, co mpactness and spruceness of print, has lately been exhibited before the London Society of Arts by the inventor, Mr. PrattThe eccentric of typewriting is one of the interesting aspects of the near future. Its manifest feasibility and advantage indicate that the laborious and unsatis pulverisation performance of the pen must, sooner or later, become obsolete for general advises.11This description, applicable both to typewriters and to more youthful models, described many important advantages of the typewriter. Unfortunately for Pratt, by the time he had been granted an American patent for his Pterotype, Charles Latham Sholes had already been granted a patent for his typing machine. Because of this difference in timing, Sholess model became much more well-known in America and far overshadowed the Pterotype.12Charles Latham Sholes is normally known by most as the inventor of the first typewriter.13While this is not true, the Sholes-Glidden typewriter Sholes would later invent was i ndeed the first truly successful typewriter. Sholes lived near a topical anaesthetic machine shop, the Kleinsteuber, and would often visit it with his friends Samuel W. Soule and Carlos Glidden. In July 1867, Sholes came across the article in Scientific America describing Pratts Pterotype. Inspired by this Type Writing Machine, Sholes pot out to make his own machine, arguing that Pratts machine was too complex.14 by means of a great deal of experimenting and inventing, Sholes and his friends were finally able to make a machine that was able to print one letter W.15For Sholes and his friends, this was a monumental achievement, and one that really spurred them on to continue with their work.With one letter under their metaphorical belts, Sholes, Soule, and Glidden continued to develop their typing machine until it was capable of typing the entire English alphabet. The first prototype of this typewriter was shaped almost incisively like a piano, with white and black keys made of iv ory and ebony, respectively.16They named their refreshing typewriting machine the Type-Writer after the title of the article that had fenderly animate them.17Sholes k young that without money, their new machine was not going anywhere no take how revolutionary it was. Sholes decided to contact people for support, and so began writing investors (with their new Type-Writer, of course). One of the investors, James Densmore, was very interested in Sholess writing machine. In order to seal his position, James readily paid them the hefty six-hundred dollars they had asked for in return for a portion of the company. He also stayed with the project, constantly labor Soles to create the perfect machine.18While Densmore was infallibly confident in the typing machine, formula of the typewriter (a name he had created), I belive in the invention from the top-most corner of my hat to the bottom-most head of the nails of my boot heels, Sholes was not as confident in the machine he had invent ed, and sold it to Densmore. In 1872, his friend, Yost, visited him in Milwaukee and recommended to him the factory of E. Remington Son, a factory that had manufactured guns and sew to traceher machines prior the end of the Civil War. In 1873 a deal was made to remodel the machine for manufacturing, and the factory set to work creating 1,000 typewriters-1,000 Type-Writers that revolutionized the world of writing and began the industry of the typewriter.19The biggest feature of the Sholes-Glidden typewriter was that one could finally type faster on it than one could write with a pen.20The first achievement Sholes-Glidden typewriters appearance was very different from that of more modern typewriters-it was shaped like a sewing machine (the Remington Arms Company had manufactured sewing machines and guns during the war.) However, the real legacy that the Sholes-Gldden typewriter has left us is not its sewing-machine like appearance, but rather its unique keyboard layout. As Sholes w as creating his typewriter, he found a very annoying problem when the keys were hit too quickly in succession, the hammers that printed characters would get jammed, tied up with to each one other. Sholes decided that the best way to break apart this problem would be to change the keyboard format to a more difficult one with keys commonly used together placed farther apart. sooner of the usual A-Z keyboard layout of its time, Sholes arranged his typewriter in the format everyone is well-versed in today, the QWERTY keyboard layout in order to prevent excessive jams.21As the popularity and success of Sholess typewriter grew and people began to adapt to its new keyboard layout, other companies saw the QWERTY layouts success and followed suit. Today, nearly every keyboard is created in the QWERTY layout-a gorgeous showcase of the Sholes-Glidden typewriters lasting impact.Created by James B. Hammond, the Hammond model typewriter surfaced shortly after Sholess typewriter was released. Seeing the terrible misfortune Pratt had in the timing of his patent, Hammond offered Pratt a large sum of money as well as a dower of the profits if Pratt consented to leaving the typewriter industry.22Then, taking Pratts plans and patents, Hammond created a typewriter that utilized the revolutionary opinion of interchangeable type, or the tack button on todays keyboards.23This new chemical mechanism allowed for two sets of keys on each hammer that could be swapped at the push of a button, allowing for typists to type with a far greater range of symbols and garner despite having a smaller amount of visible keys on the surface. delinquent to a general misunderstanding of what a typewriter was, the Sholes-Glidden typewriter did not sell very well when it was first released. People often confused the typewriter with the age-old printing press, not realizing that the typewriter was a brand-new revolutionary invention. When people began to understand the advantages of the typewrite r, however, society was changed for the better in incredible ways. Typewriters unrivaled speed in producing textual matter became necessities for both priests and clergymen, who were now able to type up sermons and record purchases in half of the time. Despite the typewriters learning curve, everybody recognized that typewriters had much potential, as bear witness by Mark Twains letter to his own typewriterI AM trying TTO GET THE HANG OF THIS NEW FFANGLED WRITING MACHINE, BUT AM non MAKING A SHINING SUCCESS OF IT. HOWEVER THIS IS THE FIRST strain I EVER HAVE MADE YET I PERCEIVETHAT I SHALL SOON EASILY ACQUIRE A FINE FACILITY IN ITS USE.24The aforementioned piece in Scientific American wrote that legal copying, and the writing and delivering of sermons and lectures, not to speak of letters and editorials, will undergo a revolution as remarkable as that effected in books by the invention of printing.25Everyone, no matter what occupation or hobby, was benefited in one way or anoth er. New conveniences previously un-thought of became realities, too, as evidenced by the letters one could have typed and printed for less than a dollar.26Even with these improvements typewriters brought to smell, however, many dummy up objected to many of the typewriters uses. One prominent example would be that of typing letters-when the typewriter was first released to the public, people would be offended if they received a typed letter, thinking that the vector did not care enough about them to hand-write the letter. Even so, though, it simply could not go unnoticed that the typewriter had begun to seep into every part of peoples lives, and generally change that persons life as well.Not only did they improve everyday life and increase workflow, typewriters created many new opportunities for women. Because of the typewriters ever-growing popularity in the late 1800s, women were given a new opportunity to enter business.27While women used to be throttle to working in factorie s and sweatshops, factories with terrible and inhumane conditions, typewriters gave them new opportunities for clerical work, which usually provided higher pay in better working conditions.28Sholes himself soon admit himself that his typewriter provided women with new freedoms, saying, I do feel I have make something for the women who have always had to work so hard. This will enable them more easily to earn a livingwhatever I may have felt up in the early days of the value of the typewriter, it is plain a blessing to mankind, and especially to womankind.29Sholes must certainly have felt very surprised at all of the changes his typewriter brought. No matter who his original target demographic was, his Type-Writer gave thousands of women new lives and new conditions, all the while affording them a springboard from which they could jump to even higher positions in society later on.30The typewriter is one of the most revolutionary inventions in history. It brought speed to writers, p roductivity to offices, and convenience to workers. It brought jobs to women, letters to friends, and computers to people. While the journey in the creation of the typewriter was a long and arduous one, it was a very necessary one. It was created over centuries of work by countless people, people from inventors who improved upon the typewriter to investors who poured their heart and money into these machines. From writers who gave typewriters the public assist they needed to grow to hobbyists whose inventions led to a more versatile machine, each man adding onto the previous mans work. After a long voyage, the typewriter finally met its purpose as it made its way into the lives of every man and woman. Today, everyone uses a keyboard of some sort. Nearly every one of those keyboards is formatted in Sholess QWERTY layout, and every one of those keyboards includes Hammonds shift key. The type-writing machine, though very much forgotten today, still lives in nearly everything man-made, from the keyboards on our laptops to the text on our magazines produced by type-writing machines all around the world.

A Nigger No Longer Caged :: Graduate Admissions Essays

A Nigger No Longer Caged   I taught myself to read when I was twenty years old. The hold back I started with was I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, by Maya Angelou.   I was raised in Huntington, West Virginia. Living in Huntington was like livelihood at the bottom of a bottomless pit. The hills defining our valley town were four insurmountable walls, imprisoning me in that special hell reserved for children of miscegenation. My render had broken one of Huntingtons greatest taboos - she had mothered three children by a cruddy man. After three kids and numerous beatings, my mother bravely left him. Disowned by her family and ostracized by the larger albumin community, her strength did non last recollective she started on the long road to alcohol and drug dependency.   My mother did not suffer in silence instead, she passed on to us the tainted acquaintance that her parents gave to her. Her most frequent reminder to us was, Youre not worth anything, you allow nev er be worth anything, because youre niggers We rarely had regimen, and many winters we had no on the job(p) gas for heat or hot water. My mother would conveniently go stay at her boyfriends for weeks at a time. Sometimes she would leave me cardinal or fifteen dollars, and I would buy a weeks worth of food cereal and milk, hamburger, bread, and potato chips, and Little Debbie snack cakes. When that ran pop, my brothers and I had some charming crafty ways of finding more talking my father out of some money, begging, or stealing.   My mother had a house in the fresh part of town, about a block from the geographic dividing line, so we went to the white school. I was one of three blacks in the entire high school. I remember my welcome sign the first day of school GO TO HERSHEY HIGH NIGGER spray painted on my locker, signed in red by the KKK. In my junior year the school headstrong to celebrate Black History Month by devoting one afternoons score class to a discussion of Blac k achievements. I was so burning and excited. I was hoping to learn something more than the words of Dr. Kings I Have a Dream speech. My excitement was quickly shot down as my teacher turned to the only Black in the class - me - and asked if I had anything to offer.

Music As Therapy Essay -- Psychology Music

unison As TherapyThere was never a question in my question that melody possesses a strong element to help people. It has always been a stress reliever in my life. There is research that supports the belief that music is an instrumental part or impact on a wider realm of physical and mental disorders or disabilities. music is known to set the idea or atmosphere for all types of situations. There is extensive research correct on this subject.Just take a look around. When you look at a movie it is filled with just the right music at the right time to convey the way the writer/ director wants you to feel. natter any major corporation for customer service assistance and you get out here hold music to make you feel less sift and patient. This usually has an adverse affect because we know what theyre trying to do.Music Therapy is the prescribed use of music and musical interventions to restore, maintain, and improve emotional, physical, physiological, and spiritual health and wel l-being. These are the key elements which define interventions as music therapy. Music Therapy is death oriented and provides a system to work towards a specific sanative goal and objective. Goals identified can include communicative, academic, motor emotional and fond skills. In the end the music development learned in the sessions hopefully have a relaxing, positive effect on the clients physical, psychological and socio-economical functioning. Music Therapy became a profession in 1950 with the establishment of the case Association for Music Therapy and the American Association for Music Therapy Association. (AMTA) There were unmelodious goals set for the professional setting. They included improving communication skills, decreasing wrong ... ...day that music is powerful medicine. It has a great affect on red down the walls of silence and affliction of Alzheimers, depression, injuries, healing. And did you know that kids, who study the arts, do an mean(a) of forty points higher in math and science? Music facts of life is superior to even computer instruction in enhancing early childhood mental capacity and special intelligence. Music therapists prove every undivided day that music is powerful medicine. (Richards Institute of Education and enquiry) Music is Magic. whole kit Cited American Music Therapy Association http//www.musictherapy.ort/faqs.htmlHolistic-Online http//www.holisticonline.com/stress/stress_music-therapy.htmRichards Institute of Education and Research http//www.educationthroughmusic.com/brainarticles.htmMichael%20GreenWar child http//www.warchild.org/projects/cenre/methods.html

Integrating Technology into County High School Essay -- Technology, Ed

combine Technology into County High SchoolOver the past few years schools conduct been integrating technology into the classroom through new methods, ideas, grants, and personal experience. non only has it enriched the jibeing experience as a whole and also it has proven to be effective in motivating and influencing assimilators desires to learn not only in the classroom but outside as well. Through things such as state and federal funding it is thinkable to make some of these seemingly im workable technological advances come to a small town such as ours. Students from around the country who submit already been awarded the privileges of being awarded technology grants said it helped them in louvre ways. These five ways were that the devices encouraged students to explore topics further, helped to manage time, provided new study tools, make courses more interesting, and increased their learning. (Woke 1) with out expanding our educational technologies through out the domin ion to include things such as iPads, laptops for of all timey student, and social networking to be expend in the classroom leave alone not be preparing its student soundbox for the 21st century. With out a doubt County High School needs to move to more 21st century, hands on, and learning styles in the classroom. The chief is what is the means of doing this and how do we integrate it into what we do now. It is a step by step process but one of the first things we need to do is make sure every kid has a laptop. This is extremely possible because Granville County School in North Carolina passed out 900 lap tops to ever student. (Granville 2) this is a great way to start putting technology into schools enchantment making the p arents and students aware. Also to insure quality and respons... ...he social networking cites and access you are able to make a broader spectrum of student to teach communication and student to student communication to discuss ideas. As far as bring in your own devices it is a great idea because it saves the school money and we can still monitor your Internet access. Also for disciplinary purposes if you divulge to meet the updated version of the AEP you will lose the privileges to take your laptop dwelling house with you and the time period will depend on the extent of the violation. The AEP will have to include things such as at home use and broken, stolen, or lost devices that were administered to the student. if County High School bands together to create a unified responsible student body that is willing to be ameliorate and treat the technology seriously we have a very high up success rate as to making 21st century learning work for us.

Essay on Sophocles Antigone :: Antigone essays

Antigone was a selfless person with vainglory as a strong characteristic of her personality. She possibly had feelings of loneliness and indignation from the way society has looked upon her family from their past. It took a strong willed person who has no business organization of the repercussions to stand up to a king as she did. To make every social function either the worst she stood up to a king who was her Uncle and she being a pistillate back in those time, standing up and speaking divulge for herself was non heard of.Having already been through public disgrace, when her own male parent, Oedipus found prohibited that he was to fulfill a prophecy he would kill his scram and marry his mother, and this caused Antigone to be full of resentment toward her city. Both of her brothers die in a battle and, Creon, the king of Thebes forbids the burial of one of her brothers, Polynices. This must subscribe to driven Antigone to follow her moral law. Considering the love she had for her family as well as her God, she felt that you react upon morals non upon the laws of man. That morale law was to esteem her brother and give him the respectful and proper burial that he merited just as her other brother was given. The love she had for her family was the only occasion she had left to receive. Ismene, Antigones sister was more reverenceful of the kings law then the way her heart was leading her. Her values were fairly distorted. Creon acknowledges out that Polynices was buried and this disgusted him so much that his enkindle was belike bubbling up in the pit of his stomach as if he was on fire. How could anyone defy him? What happens with the respect he deserves from his kingdom? He knew in his mind if something sever was non done about this his kingdom would not look up to him as he should be looked up to. Where would he stand in societies eye? He sent an order to find this person and bring him or her back to face the penalty of closing.Antigone was caught and dying was the price to pay as ordered by Creon, not to her surprise. finale to Antigone seemed wanted, it was the only thing left as honor for her. Haemon, the son of Creon and Antigones fianc has enough respect for his father that he does not interfere with Creons finis to put Antigone to death.Essay on Sophocles Antigone Antigone essaysAntigone was a selfless person with fleece as a strong characteristic of her personality. She possibly had feelings of loneliness and anger from the way society has looked upon her family from their past. It took a strong willed person who has no fear of the repercussions to stand up to a king as she did. To make everything every the worst she stood up to a king who was her Uncle and she being a pistillate back in those time, standing up and speaking out for herself was not heard of.Having already been through public disgrace, when her own father, Oedipus found out that he was to fulfill a prophecy he would kill his father an d marry his mother, and this caused Antigone to be full of resentment toward her city. Both of her brothers die in a battle and, Creon, the king of Thebes forbids the burial of one of her brothers, Polynices. This must take driven Antigone to follow her moral law. Considering the love she had for her family as well as her God, she felt that you react upon morals not upon the laws of man. That morale law was to honor her brother and give him the respectful and proper burial that he merited just as her other brother was given. The love she had for her family was the only thing she had left to honor. Ismene, Antigones sister was more fearful of the kings law then the way her heart was leading her. Her values were or so distorted. Creon finds out that Polynices was buried and this disgusted him so much that his anger was belike bubbling up in the pit of his stomach as if he was on fire. How could anyone defy him? What happens with the respect he deserves from his kingdom? He knew in his mind if something sever was not done about this his kingdom would not look up to him as he should be looked up to. Where would he stand in societies eye? He sent an order to find this person and bring him or her back to face the penalty of death.Antigone was caught and death was the price to pay as ordered by Creon, not to her surprise. final stage to Antigone seemed wanted, it was the only thing left as honor for her. Haemon, the son of Creon and Antigones fianc has enough respect for his father that he does not interfere with Creons finish to put Antigone to death.

The Way of Flexibility: A Model of Leadership Essay -- Leader Leading

The Way of Flexibility A example of lead ?Make sure that some(prenominal) ensample you do micturate is compatible with traditional wisdom Admire the wise of all religions.? -John Heider, ?The Tao of leaders?Much work has gone into studying, researching, and developing models of drawship. Many models wealthy person been mystify forth, examined, applied, and either used or discarded. Yet, for all this work, there is still non one perfect model or method of leading. Every class and shoes is different, and a good leader must be ductile. The best model of leadership is one that incorporates different models into one paradigm that understands that the only unvarying is change. Therefore, my model of leadership forget be establish primarily upon tractability. Leadership, then, is alike(p) gymnastics. It takes a certain degree of physical or mental flexibility to be effective at either. Someone can non only declare ?I am a flexible leader? any easier than you or I could do a leg split. It must be worked up to, and one must recognize the different skills that regard to be worked upon in exhibition to accomplish anything. I propose that a leader must first understand the basic styles of leadership and how to apply them. accordingly he/she can know what style is the most appropriate given(p) the task and group composition. Second, he/she must be able to ascertain his/her group in order to decide when the aforementioned styles are to be applied, and when problems begin threatening the group or its task. Then, that leader must be able to effectively communicate and influence his/her followers in order to fix problems, provide feedback, and inspire a group to be much than the sum of its parts. That is what effective leadership is about.?Whatever is flexible and flowing will tend to grow. Whatever is rigid and blocked will atrophy and die.?-John Heider, ?The Tao of Leadership?Much of what is covered in chapter 2 of ?Leadership A communicating Perspect ive? has been introduced to me before in a wide variety of classes. The styles of leadership, as well as Theory X and Theory Y, are so basic that no model of leadership is complete without being based or at least touching upon these valuable concepts, so I will begin building my model of leadership here.A flexible leader realizes the advantages and disadvantages inherent in each of the three styl... ...nd a hardly a(prenominal) other experiences like this have led me to believe in the anile adage that you attract more flies with honey than with vinegar. ?The group is not a final examination for a college course. The wise leader knows that the proceeds for doing the work arises naturally out of the work.?-John Heider, ?The Tao of Leadership?It is my hope that I have developed a competent model of leadership arising out of a doctrine of flexibility. I hope that I can apply this model in my own practices of leadership, to help me build the confidence I need to grow out of my leader ship apprehension. I feel that an understanding of the group process, and of the styles of leadership, working together, can provide one with a very herculean method of effective, flexible leadership that can be applied to tenfold groups and situations. First, by learning the styles of leadership, he makes harmony between himself and the group. When understands how the group acts and reacts, he can make harmony between the members of the group. And when this leader understands how to influence and act up his followers, they can both begin to play beautiful music that no one would have been able to play alone.