Blood type

An application of Science to Law, Science to Criminal Justice The analysis of physical, chemical substance and biological consequence forensic Medicine deals with evils involving a human lugg maturate compartment (Murder, rape, assault) rhetorical science enables us to reconstruct the past sequence of events. rhetorical science rear link a suspect to a crime scene. Examples of forensic raises atomic number 18 Fibers (clothes, carpet) Hair Blood If news put out Shoe print Paint Forensic evidence mass distinguish been murder and suicide. locator Exchange Principle by Proof.Edmond Locator Wherever he steps, whatsoever he touches, whatever he leaves, even unconsciously, volition serve as a silent witness against him. Not only his exposeprints or footprints, but his hair, the fibers from his clothes, the glass he breaks, the tool mark he leaves, the paint he scratches, the beginning or semen he deposits or collects. All of these and more, fag mute witness against him. This is evidence that does non forget. It is not confused by the excitement of the moment. It is not absent because human witnesses ar. It is factual evidence. Physical evidence stopnot be wrong, it seatnot perjure itself, it croupenot be wholly absent.Only human failure to fall out it, acquire and understand it, can diminish its value. Every Contact leaves a Trace Case Study Burglar severed a finger on razor wire while breaking into a builders gibibyte was caught by police when he went to hospital for treatment. Earliest forensics lab in US is in Austria, LISA in LAP. Singapore forensic lab is hardening up in 1960 by Proof Chaos Tweeze Change, direct part of HAS. In a Forensic Science Lab, you can find . Physical Science Licit a. Identification and comparison of evidence b. chemic tests c. spectrographic analysis d. Microscopy Drugs, glass, paint, explosives, soil E. 2.Biology Unit a. Hair b. Plants 3. deoxyribonucleic acid Lab DNA analysis a. 4. Firearms Unit a. Guns b. Bullets c. Cartridge cases . Firearm damage 5. Documents Unit a. playscript b. Printing Paper d. Ink 6. Photography Jinni a. Record of evidence b. Presentation Toxicology drugs and poisons in clay fluids and organs Latent Fingerprints using chemical means to making them visible Polygraph or lie detector Vectoring -? analysis of voices Psychiatric Profiling -? What can we tell about the criminal from the substance they commit the crime Computer Forensics and Electronic Forensics -? What can be learnt from deleted selective information?How can other negatronic trails be followed? Forensic Engineering watch the engine emerging aspects of a building or object Forensic Entomology Using insects to bring home the bacon information Forensic Geology Soil depth psychology on mineral content and chemistry. Soil in divergent countries confound individualistic motif. This composition helps to narrow down to a region Of the world. Forensic Anthropology Examination of skeletal remains Facial Reconstruction If you pee the skull, can you tell what the face looks like?Forensic Demonology using teeth to provide information such as identification of victims remains or criminal Identification physical objects Biological properties chemical substance properties/constituents We collect as umteen evidence as we can on scene. These evidences have class device characteristics that can put an object in a certain class or group like brand of shoe, character of fiber or type of bullet. Individualizing Narrowing the class to one, Attaining more information from evidences from a crime scene.Physical objects Manufacturer, successive number, fingerprints Chemicals Trace elements and impurities Biological stresss Blood type and DNA analysis past we do comparison and associate the evidence to the crime scene and the criminal. afterward which, reconstruction to understand the sequence of past events and Re-enactment Chapter 2 Spectroscopy and the mental synthesis of Atoms Elements are the basic materials consisting of 93 natural basics and many more artificial ones. Elements can neither be created nor destroyed.Paper Cellulose consists of C, H, O CA hundred Dioxide CA and Water H2O Human Body consists of C, H, O, N, P, S, Ca, An, K, Fee DDCD, H2O, N oxides, P oxides, S oxides, Ca oxides or hydroxides Teeth contains Au or Hag C Au or Hag oxides summary Which elements are bear? E. G. Suspected lead or mercury poisoning but are these metals present in the personify regardless of their chemical form? Toxicology. E. G. summercater analysis. How much of these elements were present in the Poltroon bones? Time of destruction. What is it do of? How can we identify the elements present in an object?Bulk composition (what is it mostly made of? )e. G. Bullets are mostly lead. Trace impurities (what is a low-down part of it made or? ) e. G. Bullets have silver and antimony Chemical tests can be done to identify these elements and chemical tests h ave the by-line characteristics Large come ups Of sample is needed Destructive Subjected to interference Fast influence Easy to do Simple equipment White visible radiation consists of all colors. In the early 19th century, black bands observed in the solar spectrum. divers(prenominal) spectroscopic techniques use disparate frequencies of light.The different frequencies of light interact other than with the molecules. Structure of Atom Tiny, dense, positively charged core called nucleus where approximately all mass is concent tempod with electrons circulating at some distance. Founded by Ernest Rutherford. Nielsen Boor found that electrons are restricted to specific efficiency levels, thusly atoms dont destroy themselves due to electrostatic attraction. Electrons can jump to higher energy levels by absorbing energy. Electrons can release energy when they drop to a lower level. The frequency of the electromagnetic radiation emitted or absorbed is proportionate to LEE DeBrogli e equation E = HP (Constant x frequency of electrons) assimilation Spectroscopy is when electron jump to higher energy levels, energy IS absorbed. A drop in graph for short interval of time. Emission Spectroscopy is when electron drops to lower energy levels, energy is given out. A discriminating spike in graph. Flame tests for metals if a metal salt is introduced to a flame, a characteristic color is produced. Energy of the flame excites electrons in the atoms and light is emitted as the atoms drop back to ground state. Sodium Orange barium & Copper Green Calcium & Lithium Red Potassium LilacAtomic immersion Spectrometer (AS) Advantages Fast Specific Sensitive Small sample size Disadvantages Element by element Neutron Activation Analysis (*ANA) Non-destructive but necessarily a nuclear reactor Changes the nature of element Each emitted da Gamma ray is at dif. Energy level. Microscopy Scanning Electron Microscope Energy disseminative X-ray fluorescence (SEEM- DEG)* Non-destru ctive analysis looking at core electrons Use the electron beam of the microscope to eject core electrons Ejecting a core electron creates a vacancy. When a higher energy electron drops to fill vacancy, a characteristic X-ray is emittedCASE STUDY Napoleon. Analysis of hair samples by Neutron Activation Analysis shows arsenic. Paint used for one of Napoleons wallpaper is Chisels Green which consists of copper arsenate. SEEM-DEG shows battlefront of arsenic. When copper arsenate reacts with mold, arsenic gas is produced. CASE STUDY Kennedy Assassination twenty-second Novo 1 963 Analysis of bullets fragments by Neutron Activation Analysis (ANA) shows the content of atomic number 51 and Silver. You are What You Eat Bones consists of calcium phosphate in a protein matrix. Calcium is derived from the diet.. Other metals may likewise be incorporated if they are present in diet.Relative abundance of trace elements in bone can indicate geographical origin Strontium, copper and lead. Chapter 3 Time Of Death Alger Morris by and by death, muscles relax, luggage compartment is limp and starts to cool down. The rate at which body temperature cools depends on size of body, location, clothing, weather. Different parts of the body cools at different rates. E. G. Brain cools faster than liver. General rule is -1 to 1. Degrees Fahrenheit However, note that the body may start to warm up after 2 days due to start of putrefaction Rigor Morris Lactic acid in the muscles causes tension up to 36 hours after death E. . Jaws (errs), arms (4-errs), legs(8-1 Oh RSI), building block body (10-rush) Liver Morris (Color of the body) Also known as Postmortem lividly the black and blue disconsolation of the skin of a cadaver, resulting from an accumulation of degenerated blood in subcutaneous vessels. Hypothesis poor or stagnant circulation in a dependent part of the body or an organ. Settling of red blood cells due to gravity (post mortem lividly, hypothesis 0-ours) Disconsolation in lowe r parts. Parts on the ground not affected due to compression of capillaries (contact flattening) *Has the body been go?If a body has been moved, he calculation of the body may not give the correct approximation of the time of death. *Take note that CO poisoning has akin(predicate) symptoms as Liver Morris, CO poisoning results in cherry pink calculation due to the carbon monoxide-hemoglobin complex physiologic Changes in the body after Death. The average core temperature of a body is 9. Degree Fahrenheit. Postmortem interval = 99. 6/1. 5 (general rule). Other indicators that can picture the time of death are Kit levels in ocular fluid (vitreous humor) which increase after death Stomach and intestine content (time of last meal).A stomach empties its contents in about 2 hours. intent at other objects such as watches or mobile earpiece records and CATV. Putrefaction This is the process when your micro-organisms start to eat you after death. This produces gases and characteristic smells. The rate of putrefaction depends heavily on local factors such as temperature and also drug use. Forensic Entomology (Using insects) Insects can arrive and lay testis as early as minis after death. In order to estimate the time of death, the species, life cycle, local conditions of that particular insect must be known. Live maggots are collected from the corpse and rear until adulthood.After which, back imagine age and posit pieces. Skeletal Remains A forensic diagnostician or anthropologist will use astrology, the study of bones, to find out as much as possible about the identity of a framing or collection of bones. Sometimes they rely on skeletal radiology, the study of bones through x rays or fluorescence (light-emission) to help make the identification. No fluorescence indicates that the skeletal remains is 1 00 years old or more. drama analysis As time passes, the organic components of bone (mostly fats and proteins) are deep in thought(p) primarily through bacte rial action.Since these components contain northward, there is a forward-moving loss of that element. At the same time, percolating ground water deposits trace amounts of degree Fahrenheit and other elements, such as uranium, into the bone. Bone nitrogen content decreases with age (proteins breakdown). Bone fluoride and uranium increases with age. Fresh bones should contain 4% of nitrogen and 0% fluoride and uranium. Therefore, FUN analysis is useful for comparing samples from the same entombment grounds/sites. Carbon-14 Dating The natural amount of ICC, a radioactive isotope make in atmosphere by cosmic rays, is constant and living things have this proportion of ICC.Radioactive atoms decay at a predicable rate and only half(a) of the atoms will eve decayed in arrears. Hence measuring the amount of ICC allows estimation of time of death through back calculation. This method is not accurate for Components can be detected as they get to the end. military campaign is due to the flow of a liquid or gas (mobile phase). slenderize Layer Chromatography (TTL) Colored compounds are visible to the eye while others can be made visible through chemical staining or UP light. TTL is a presumptive test, it is unable to distinguish all the different compounds in the sample and only provides 2 answers NO or MAYBE. swagger Chromatography (GO) GO can only be used if the unknown sample passes TTL. GO depends on the rate of which the compound moves at different temperatures. GO is still not accurate enough.High Performance Liquid Chromatography ( unexpectedly) HAPLY is similar to GO, but uses a liquid mobile phase. The graph result of HAPLY has very sharp and narrow peaks which are highly distinguishable to determine the different compounds in an unknown sample accurately. HAPLY GO For twain methods Efficient, highly selective and widely applicable Only a wasted amount of sample is needed Non-destructive to the sample Readily adapted to numeric analysis Has high resolu tion Advantages of HAPLY Can accommodate non-volatile and thermally unstable samples Advantages of GO Simple and inexpensive equipment Rapid process How do we tell what compound is it?By comparison of chromatography of authentic samples By spectroscopy By spectrometry Infra-red Spectroscopy Based on molecular vibrations (stretching and deflection of chemical bonds) Stretching frequency depends on masses involved and slowness of the bond The graph of infra-red spectroscopy has 2 parts, before 1 d fluctuate number and after 1500 wave number Before 1500-6000 wave number shows the characteristics Of the class of compounds, but not Of individual compound After 1500 600 wave number shows Characteristic of individual compound like a molecular fingerprint Mass Spectrometry Measures the molecular weight of the sample. . type is introduced into a vacuum box 2. Sample is bombarded with electrons, leaving only positively-charged ions 3. Ions are accelerated by high voltages (100 1 0,VIVO) , ions is deflected into magnetic field to detectors, measuring the mass of the molecule. *Know how to calculate molecular weight Some molecules will break up in the spectrometer known as Fragmentation. bungle Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GO-MS) Another hyphenated tech unique.